Page:Taine - Le Positivisme anglais, 1864.djvu/100

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prouvé que la présence ou l’absence d’une communication non interrompue avec le ciel cause la présence ou l’absence de la rosée ; mais puisqu’un ciel clair n’est que l’absence des nuages, et que les nuages, comme tous les corps entre lesquels et un objet donné il n’y a rien qu’un fluide élastique, ont cette propriété connue, qu’ils tendent à élever ou à maintenir la température de la surface de l’objet en rayonnant vers lui de la chaleur, nous voyons à l’instant que la retraite des nuages refroidira la surface. Ainsi, dans ce cas, la nature ayant produit un changement dans l’antécédent par des moyens connus et définis, le conséquent suit et doit suivre : expérience naturelle conforme aux règles de la méthode de différence^[1]. »

↑ The second corroboration of the theory is by direct experiment, according to the canon of the Method of Difference. We can, by cooling the surface of any body, find in all cases some temperature (more or less inferior to that of the surrounding air, according to its hygrometric condition), at which dew will begin to be deposited. Here, too, therefore the causation is directly proved. We can, it is true, accomplish this only on a small scale ; but we have ample reason to conclude that the same operation, if conducted in Nature’s great laboratory, would equally produce the effect.

And, finally, even on that great scale we are able to verify the result. The case is one of those rare cases, as we have shown them to be, in which nature works the experiment for us in the same manner in which we ourselves perform it ; introducing into the previous state of things a single and perfectly definite new circumstance, and manifesting the effect so rapidly, that there is not time for any other material change in the pre-existing circumstances. It is observed that dew is never copiously deposited in situations much screened from the open sky, and not at all in a cloudy night, but if the clouds withdraw even for a few minutes, and leave a clear opening, a deposition of dew presently begins, and goes on increasing… Dew formed in clear intervals will often even evaporate again, when the sky becomes thickly overcast. The proof, therefore, is complete that the presence or absence of an uninterrupted communication with the sky causes the deposition or non-deposition of dew. Now, since a clear sky is nothing but the absence of clouds, and it is a known property of clouds, as of all other bodies between which and any given object nothing intervenes but an elastic fluid, that they tend to raise or keep up the superficial temperature of the object by radiating heat to it, we see at once that the disappearance of clouds will cause the surface to cool ; so that Nature, in this case, produces a change in the antecedent by definite and known means, and the consequent follows accordingly : a natural experiment which satisfies the requisitions of the Method of Difference.

[p85-1] The second corroboration of the theory is by direct experiment, according to the canon of the Method of Difference. We can, by cooling the surface of any body, find in all cases some temperature (more or less inferior to that of the surrounding air, according to its hygrometric condition), at which dew will begin to be deposited. Here, too, therefore the causation is directly proved. We can, it is true, accomplish this only on a small scale ; but we have ample reason to conclude that the same operation, if conducted in Nature’s great laboratory, would equally produce the effect.

And, finally, even on that great scale we are able to verify the result. The case is one of those rare cases, as we have shown them to be, in which nature works the experiment for us in the same manner in which we ourselves perform it ; introducing into the previous state of things a single and perfectly definite new circumstance, and manifesting the effect so rapidly, that there is not time for any other material change in the pre-existing circumstances. It is observed that dew is never copiously deposited in situations much screened from the open sky, and not at all in a cloudy night, but if the clouds withdraw even for a few minutes, and leave a clear opening, a deposition of dew presently begins, and goes on increasing… Dew formed in clear intervals will often even evaporate again, when the sky becomes thickly overcast. The proof, therefore, is complete that the presence or absence of an uninterrupted communication with the sky causes the deposition or non-deposition of dew. Now, since a clear sky is nothing but the absence of clouds, and it is a known property of clouds, as of all other bodies between which and any given object nothing intervenes but an elastic fluid, that they tend to raise or keep up the superficial temperature of the object by radiating heat to it, we see at once that the disappearance of clouds will cause the surface to cool ; so that Nature, in this case, produces a change in the antecedent by definite and known means, and the consequent follows accordingly : a natural experiment which satisfies the requisitions of the Method of Difference.

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